Advisory Circulars and Airworthiness Directives

2-27 Applicability and Compliance The AD subject line specifically identifies the TC holder of the aircraft or products affected by the AD. The specific models affected and any special considerations, such as specific installed part numbers or modifications, are listed in the AD applicability section. In order to find all applicable ADs for a specific product, you must search for ADs on the product, aircraft, engine(s), propeller, or any installed appliance. If there are multiple series under the aircraft or engine model, you must also search for ADs applicable to the model, as well as the specific series of that model.

The final determination of ADs applicable to a particular product can only be made by a thorough examination of the ADs and the product logbooks. No person may operate a product that an AD applies to, except in accordance with the requirements of the AD. Furthermore, the owner or operator of an aircraft is required by 14 CFR part 91, section 91.403 to maintain the aircraft in compliance with all ADs. The AD specifies a compliance time that relates to the effective date of the AD. That compliance time determines when the actions are required. Alternative Method of Compliance Different approaches or techniques that are not specified in an AD can, after FAA approval, be used to correct an unsafe condition on an aircraft or aircraft product. Although the alternative was not known at the time the AD was issued, an alternative method may be acceptable to accomplish the intent of the AD. A compliance time that differs from the requirements of the AD can also be approved if the revised time period and approved alternative method provides an acceptable level of safety as the requirements of the AD.

Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) A Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) is an information tool that the FAA uses to alert, educate, and make recommendations to the aviation community. SAIBs contain non-regulatory information and guidance that does not meet the criteria for an AD. [Figure 2-13]

Aircraft Specifications

Specifications were originated during implementation of the Air Commerce Act of 1926. Specifications are FAA recordkeeping documents issued for both type-certificated and non-type-certificated products that have been found eligible for U.S. airworthiness certification. Although they are no longer issued, specifications remain in effect and will be further amended. Specifications covering type-certificated products may be converted to a TCDS at the option of the TC holder. However, to do so requires the TC holder to provide an equipment list. A specification is not part of a TC. Specifications are subdivided into five major groups as follows: 1. Group I—Type Certificate Aircraft, Engines, and Propellers. Covering standard, restricted, and limited types issued for domestic, foreign, and military surplus products.

2. Group II—Aircraft, Engine, and Propeller Approvals. Covering domestic, foreign, and military surplus products constructed or modified between October 1, 1927, and August 22, 1938. All have met minimum airworthiness requirements without formal type certification. Such products are eligible for standard airworthiness certification as though they are type- certificated products. 3. Group III—Aircraft, Engine, and Propeller Approvals. Covering domestic products manufactured prior to October 1, 1927, foreign products manufactured prior to June 20, 1931, and certain military surplus engines and propellers. All have met minimum airworthiness requirements of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 and implementing Air Commerce Regulations without formal type certification. Such products are eligible for standard airworthiness certification as though they are type-certificated products.

4. Group IV—Engine Ratings. Covering unapproved engines rated for maximum power and speed only, their use being limited to specific aircraft with maximum gross weights less than 1,000 pounds. Such engines are not eligible for independent airworthiness certification. These ratings are no longer issued. 5. Group V—Engine Approvals. Covering military surplus engines meeting CAR 13 design requirements without formal type certification. Such engines are eligible for airworthiness certification as though they are type-certificated engines.

Supplemental Type Certificates (STC)

When an aircraft is designed and that design is formally approved for manufacturing, the manufacturer is issued a Type Certificate (TC). The TC is issued by the FAA to signify the airworthiness of an aircraft design and may not be changed except by formal authorization of the FAA. This formal authorization supplements the original TC and is called the Supplemental Type Certificate (STC). Therefore, the STC issued by the FAA approves a product (aircraft, engine, or propeller) modification. [Figure 2-14] The STC defines the product design change, states how the modification affects the existing type design, and lists serial number effectivity. It also identifies the certification basis listing specific regulatory compliance for the design change.

Information contained in the certification basis is helpful for those applicants proposing subsequent product modifications and evaluating certification basis compatibility with other STC modifications. Refer to Figure 2-15 for a listing of how 2-28 Advisory Circular Numbering System 1. General. The advisory circular numbers relate to the FAR subchapter title and correspond to the Parts, and when appropriate, to the specific sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations. 2. General and specific subject numbers. The subject numbers and related subject areas are as follows: General Subject Number (1) Specific Subject Number (2) Subject General Subject Number (1) Specific Subject Number (2) Subject 00 GENERAL 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 10 PROCEDURAL RULES 11 General Rule-Making Procedures 13 Investigation and Enforcement Procedures 20 AIRCRAFT 21 Certification Procedures for Products and Parts 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, and Acrobatic Category Airplanes 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft 31 Airworthiness Standards: Manned Free Balloons 33 Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines 34 Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission Requirements for Turbine Engine Powered Airplanes 35 Airworthiness Standards: Propellers 36 Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification 39 Airworthiness Directives 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding and Alteration 45 Identification and Registration Marking 47 Aircraft Registration 49 Recording of Aircraft Titles and Security Documents 60 AIRMEN 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors 63 Certification: Flight Crewmembers Other Than Pilots 65 Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers 67 Medical Standards and Certification 70 AIRSPACE 71 Designation of Federal Airways, Area Low Routes, Controlled Airspace, and Reporting Points 73 Special Use Airspace 75 Establishment of Jet Routes and Area High Routes 77 Objects Affecting Navigable Airspace 90 AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES 91 General Operating and Flight Rules 93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Patterns 95 IFR Altitudes 97 Standard Instrument Approach Procedures 99 Security Control of Air Traffic 101 Moored Balloons, Kites, Unmanned Rockets and Unmanned Free Balloons 103 Ultralight Vehicles 105 Parachute Jumping 107 Airport Security 108 Airplane Operators Security 109 Indirect Air Carrier Security 119 CERTIFICATION: AIR CARRIERS AND COMMERCIAL OPERATORS 120 AIR CARRIERS, AIR TRAVEL CLUBS, AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE: CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS 121 Certification and Operations: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft 125 Certification and Operations: Airplanes Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or More Passengers or a Maximum Payload Capacity of 6,000 Pounds or More 127 Certification and Operations of Scheduled Air Carriers with Helicopters 129 Operations of Foreign Air Carriers 133 Rotorcraft External-Load Operations 135 Air Taxi Operators and Commercial Operators 137 Agricultural Aircraft Operations 139 Certification and Operations: Land Airports Serving CAB-Certificated Air Carriers 140 SCHOOLS AND OTHER CERTIFICATED AGENCIES 141 Pilot Schools 143 Ground Instructors 145 Repair Stations 147 Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools 150 AIRPORT NOISE COMPATIBILITY PLANNING 151 Federal Aid to Airports 152 Airport Aid Program 2-29 Advisory Circular Numbering System 3. Within the General Subject Number Areas, Specific selectivity in advisory circular mail lists is available corresponding to the applicable FAR Parts. For example: under the 60 general subject area, separate mail lists for advisory circulars issued in the 61, 63, 65, or 67 series are available. An AC numbered “60” goes to all numbers in the 60 series. When the volume of circulars in a series warrants a sub-subject breakdown, the general number is followed by a slash and a sub-subject number. Material in the 150 series, Airports, is issued under the following sub-subjects: 4. Individual circular identification numbers. Each circular has a subject number followed either by a dash and a consecutive number (135-15) or a period with a specific FAR section number, followed by a dash and a consecutive number (135.169-2) identifying the individual circular. This consecutive number is not used again in the same subject series. Revised circulars have a letter A, B, C, etc., after the consecutive number to show complete revisions. Changes to circulars have Chg. 1, Chg. 2, Chg. 3, etc., after the identification number on pages that have been changed. The Date on a revised page is changed to the date of the Change transmittal.

155 Release of Airport Property from Surplus Property Disposal Restrictions 156 State Block Grant Pilot Program 157 Notice of Construction, Alteration, Activation, and Deactivation of Airports 158 Passenger Facilities Charges 159 National Capital Airports 159/10 Washington National Airport 159/20 Dulles International Airport 161 Notice and Approval of Airport Noise and Access Restrictions 169 Expenditures of Federal Funds for Nonmilitary Airports or Air Navigational Facilities Thereon 170 NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES 170 Establishment and Discontinuance Criteria for Airport Traffic Control Tower Facilities 171 Non-Federal Navigation Facilities 180 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS 183 Representatives of the Administrator 185 Testimony by Employees and Production of Records in Legal Proceedings 150/5000 Airport Planning.

150/5020 Noise Control and Compatibility Planning for Airports. 150/5100 Federal-aid Airport Program. 150/5150 Surplus Airport Property Conveyance Programs. 150/5190 Airport Compliance Program. 150/5200 Airport Safety–General. 150/5210 Airport Safety Operations (Recommended Training, Standards, Manning). 150/5220 Airport Safety Equipment and Facilities. 150/5230 Airport Ground Safety System. 187 Fees 189 Use of Federal Aviation Administration Communication System 190 WITHHOLDING SECURITY INFORMATION 191 Withholding Security Information from Disclosure Under the Air Transportation Security Act of 1974 198 Aviation Insurance Program 210 FLIGHT INFORMATION 211 Aeronautical Charts and Flight Information Publications 212 Publication Specification: Charts and Publications 400 COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION 440 Financial Responsibility 1—Based on Federal Aviation Regulation Subchapter Titles (Excluding the 210 series).

2—Based on Federal Aviation Regulation Part Titles (Excluding the 210 series). General Subject number (1) Specific Subject Number (2) Subject General Subject number (1) Specific Subject Number (2) Subject 150/5240 Civil Airports Emergency Preparedness. 150/5325 Influence of Aircraft Performance on Aircraft Design. 150/5335 Runway, Taxiway, and Apron Characteristics. 150/5340 Airport Visual Aids. 150/5345 Airport Lighting Equipment. 150/5360 Airport Buildings. 150/5370 Airport Construction. 150/5380 Airport Maintenance. 150/5390 Heliports. 2-30 TCs and STCs are numbered. Possession of the STC document does not constitute rights to the design data or installation of the modification. The STC and its supporting data (drawings, instructions, specifications, and so forth) are the property of the STC holder. You must contact the STC holder to obtain rights for the use of the STC.

Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) The TCDS is a formal description of the aircraft, engine, or propeller. It lists limitations and information required for type certification including airspeed limits, weight limits, thrust limitations, and so forth. TCDSs and specifications set forth essential factors and other conditions that are necessary for U.S. airworthiness certification. Aircraft, engines, and propellers that conform to a U.S. TC are eligible for U.S. airworthiness certification when found to be in a condition for safe operation and ownership requisites are fulfilled. [Figure 2-16] TCDSs were originated and first published in January 1958.

Title 14 of the CFR part 21, section 21.41 indicates they are part of the TC. As such, a TCDS is evidence the product has been type certificated. Generally, TCDSs are compiled from details supplied by the TC holder; however, the FAA may request and incorporate additional details when conditions warrant. [Figure 2-17] Under federal law, no civil aircraft registered in the United States can operate without a valid airworthiness certificate. This certificate must be approved and issued by the FAA; and it is only issued if the aircraft and its engines, propellers, and appliances are found to be airworthy and meet the requirements of an FAA-approved TC. The FAA issues a TC when a new aircraft, engine, propeller, and so forth, is found to meet safety standards set forth by the FAA. The TCDS lists the specifications, conditions, and limitations that the airworthiness requirements were met under for the specified product, such as engine make and model, fuel type, engine limits, airspeed limits, maximum weight, minimum crew, and so forth. TCDSs are issued and revised as necessary to accommodate new models or other major changes in the certified product. TCDSs are categorized by TC holder and product type.

FAA Handbooks & Manuals

The FAA publishes handbooks and manuals for beginners and aviation professionals. Publications are updated periodically to reflect new FAA regulations and technical developments. and manuals available on the FAA website (www.faa.gov).

Non-FAA Documents

Air Transport Association ATA iSpec 2200 To standardize the technical data and maintenance activities on large and therefore complex aircraft, the ATA e-Business Program has established a classification of maintenance related actions. These are arranged with sequential numbers assigned to ATA chapters. These chapters are consistent regardless of the large aircraft that is being worked on. [Figure 2-19] Manufacturers’ Published Data The original equipment manufacturer (OEM) is usually the best source of information for the operation of and maintenance on a particular product. If the product is a TC’d or STC’d item, 14 CFR part 21, section 21.50 requires the holder of the design approval to provide one set of complete ICAs. Additional requirements for ICAs are specified in sections 23.1529, 25.1529, 27.1529 and 29.1529. These sections further refer the reader to 14 CFR part 23, Appendix A; part 25, Appendix H; part 27, Appendix A; and part 29, Appendix A. Regardless of the appendix referred to, the requirements in the appendix for the ICA are as follows: • General: The aircraft ICA must contain instructions for continued airworthiness for each engine, propeller, or appliance and the interface of those appliances and products with the aircraft.

• Format: The ICA must be in the form of a manual or manuals appropriate to the data being provided. • Content: The manual contents must be in English and must include the following: • Introductory information, including an explanation of the airplane’s features and data as necessary to perform maintenance or preventive maintenance • A description of the aircraft and its systems, including engine, propeller, and appliances • Basic operating information describing how the aircraft and its components are controlled • Servicing information with such detail as servicing parts, tank capacities, types of fluid to be used, applicable pressures for the various systems, access panels for inspection and servicing, lubrication points, and types of lubricants to be used The maintenance instructions must include the following data: • Recommended schedule for cleaning, inspecting, adjusting, testing, and lubricating the various parts • Applicable wear tolerances 2-31 1 FAA Aviation Safety SPECIAL AIRWORTHINESS INFORMATION BULLETIN SUBJ: FUSELAGE – Seat Belt Mounting Bracket SAIB: CE-15-13 Date: April 15, 2015 This is information only. Recommendations aren’t mandatory.

Introduction

This Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin is to alert owners, operators, and maintenance technicians of an airworthiness concern with aluminum seat belt mounting brackets affecting all Cessna Models 120 and 140 airplanes. Textron Aviation has issued Service Bulletin SEB-25-03, dated February 17, 2015, to address this concern. At this time, the airworthiness concern is not an unsafe condition that would warrant airworthiness directive (AD) action under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 39. Background On July 5, 2014, an accident occurred in Parma, New York where the pilot seat belt mounting bracket, part number (p/n) 0425132, failed after the airplane overturned following departure from the runway. Although cause of the failed bracket has not been determined and the investigation is ongoing, it was noted that the original Cessna seat belt installation had been replaced with a four- point Aero Fabricators harness per Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) SA1429GL in 2003. The failed bracket was made of aluminum. However, Cessna now only provides steel brackets as a replacement part for the aluminum brackets.

Recommendations The FAA recommends that owners, operators, and maintenance personnel of the affected airplanes replace aluminum brackets with steel brackets following Cessna Service Bulletin SEB-25-03 dated February 17, 2015. To make the determination as to whether the bracket is made of aluminum or steel, a magnet may be used or look for evidence of iron oxide (rust). For Further Information Contact Gary D. Park, Aerospace Engineer, ACE-118W phone: (316) 946-4123; fax: (316) 946-4107; e-mail: [email protected]. For Related Service Information Contact Cessna Aircraft Company, Customer Support Service, P.O. Box 7706, Wichita, Kansas; telephone: (316) 517-5800; fax: (316) 517-7271.

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